Carbon footprint
Carbon neutrality
All human activity creates a carbon footprint, from breathing out to generating electricity, farming, or making a product. Greenhouse gas emissions over many centuries have been proven to warm the planet as they absorb and radiate heat within the enclosed atmosphere of the Earth. The issue in the battle to combat global warming is whether these footprints can be reduced enough to stop global warming getting out of control. For this, carbon neutrality is required. This means that a country does not generate more greenhouse gas emissions than it is able to absorb, either naturally through plant and water cover, or mechanically through carbon capture.
Several nations and blocs such as the EU have already committed to becoming carbon neutral (‘net zero’); most have used the Paris Agreement target of 2050, though some smaller nations such as Austria and Uruguay have set a more ambitious target of 2040. China, which has the world’s largest carbon footprint, has pledged to do so by 2060. Aside from cutting emissions by decarbonizing, many countries are investing in tree plantations and carbon capture systems as part of their neutralization efforts.
Decarbonizing operations
Scope 1 emissions - direct emissions from the companies' owned or controlled sources
Scope 2 emissions - indirect emissions from the generation of purchased energy
Scope 3 emissions - all indirect emissions (not included in scope 2) that occur in the value chain of the reporting company, including both upstream and downstream emissions
Measure carbon footprints
Carbon footprints at companies can be measured by using three ways in which greenhouse gas emissions are generated: Scope 1, 2 and 3.
Scope 1 emissions are those that are directly generated by the company, such as an airline emitting exhaust fumes.
Scope 2 emissions are those that are created by the generation of the electricity or heat needed by the company to produce its main products. An electricity utility would therefore have relatively low Scope 1 emissions caused by its infrastructure or grid, but high Scope 2 emissions if its power came from the burning of fossil fuels rather than from renewable sources.
Scope 3 emissions are those caused by the entire value chain, including the end-user of the product over its life cycle, and are much more difficult to measure. A carmaker would have relatively low Scope 1 and 2 emissions when making the car, but if the user of the vehicle burned petrol to run the car over many years, they would cause very high Scope 3 emissions.
Carbon neutral investments
Investors such as Robeco can aim for carbon neutrality in portfolios by using ESG screening to isolate the higher-carbon companies and reject them. However, the world’s biggest carbon footprint is created by burning coal in power stations, and most coalfields and power plants are state owned, which means they are out of reach of investment funds. Divestment of listed fossil fuel companies is also ineffective in combatting the core problem, since it simply transfers ownership from one firm to another.
In 2020, Robeco decided to exclude all thermal coal producers and users from portfolios, subject to certain thresholds. Investors also use engagement to try to accelerate fossil fuel companies (and governments) to switch to renewable energy models, as Robeco has successfully done with Royal Dutch Shell.
See also: Greenhouse gases, Decarbonization, Paris Agreement, Global warming.
