Momentum was one of the top-performing factors in 2020. Indeed, the MSCI ACWI Momentum Index did not only significantly beat the MSCI ACWI, but it also outperformed most factor indices. It benefited from its material exposure to mega-cap growth stocks, in particular its large allocation to ‘big tech’. To this end, the MSCI ACWI Momentum and MSCI ACWI Growth Indices had material overweight exposures to seven of the ten largest stocks in the MSCI ACWI: namely Apple, Microsoft Corporation, Amazon, Tesla, Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Alibaba Group Holding and Tencent.¹
That said, it was not all smooth sailing as the factor navigated an uneven performance path in 2020. Its ride was punctuated by bumpy occasions during periods of strong reversals characterized by growth stocks retreating. From mid-May until early June, during the first half of September, and – most recently – since 9 November 2020, growth stocks lagged the market, significantly reducing the MSCI ACWI Momentum Index’s year-to-date outperformance during those intervals.

In fact, the most evident indication of a value-growth rotation occurred after the announcement of positive phase III clinical trial results for the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine-candidate in November. Given its heavy tilt towards large-cap growth equities and underweight exposure to smaller-cap value stocks, the MSCI ACWI Momentum Index was severely affected by the news and the subsequent rally of the value factor. Despite that, the style capped off the year as one of the top-performing factors in 2020.

Quite interestingly, we also observed large return dispersions between different momentum strategies over the period. The results are illustrated in Figure 1, where the blue bars depict the 2020 portfolio returns of various momentum signals relative to their long-term expectations.² The chart shows that the price momentum factor had an outstanding year, exceeding not only its own long-term average, but also outperforming all the other momentum signals.

The picture, however, is a bit different when viewed from a longer-term perspective. Figure 2 shows the calendar-year returns of price momentum and an equal-weighted combination of momentum signals based on a historical sample. The graph reveals that a combined approach delivers higher average returns, and, importantly, also provides a much smoother ride compared to the traditional price momentum factor. The most notable performance gaps took place around significant momentum peaks (e.g. height of dot-com bubble) and momentum drawdowns (e.g. such as 2009).

Apart from the diversification benefits derived from combining different momentum signals, the risk reduction observed stemmed from avoiding large style bets, that typically accompany traditional price momentum. These bets are, on average, unrewarded, and nearly half of the total volatility associated with traditional price momentum strategies can be attributed to them.³
Portfolio construction parameters are another source of significant return dispersion between different momentum approaches. Most notably is the allocation to mega and large-cap stocks versus smaller-cap counterparts. Several studies show that momentum is stronger in mid- to smaller-cap equities. The efficacy of the factor is reinforced by tilting it towards smaller stocks.⁴
Momentum can, at times, be exposed to significant style and concentration risks. Its current exposure to large-cap growth stocks that trade at lofty valuations is a good example. We believe that a well-diversified portfolio approach across momentum signals is prudent. It avoids concentrated positions and is less affected by the dynamic tilts that traditional price momentum can adopt to other factors, thereby mitigating those risks.

In our view, combining momentum with other factors has been and continues to be an effective way to improve long-term investment outcomes. Although such choices can result in headwinds at times, we believe that being cognizant of momentum’s properties, and taking them into account when designing a momentum or a multi-factor strategy, leads to better performance in the long term.

FOOTNOTE

¹Source: MSCI. Data as of 30 November 2020.
²The long-term historical premiums for the five momentum signals are of similar magnitude. Because the signals are not perfectly correlated, the combination results in a stronger and more robust return than any single measure.
³See amongst others: Blitz, D.C., Huij, J. and Martens, M, 2011, “Residual Momentum”, Journal of Empirical Finance.
⁴More generally, factor premiums manifest themselves more strongly in the mid- and small-cap segments of the market. We discuss these insights in our paper: Blitz, D.C., Lansdorp, S., Roscovan, V. and Vidojevic, M., 2019 “Factor strategies need breadth”, Robeco article. Available upon request.